Evaluation of early clinical failure criteria in Enterococcus species bloodstream infection

Purpose Early clinical failure criteria (ECFC) were recently introduced to predict unfavorable outcomes in patients with Gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSI). ECFC include hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea or mechanical ventilation, altered mental status, and leukocytosis evaluated at 72-96 h after BSI. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to assess performance of ECFC in predicting 28-day mortality in Enterococcus species BSI. Methods Hospitalized adults with Enterococcus species BSI at Prisma Health hospitals from 1 January 2015 to 31 July 2018 were identified. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the association between ECFC and 28-day mortality. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was used to measure model discrimination. Results Among 157 patients, 28 (18%) died within 28 days of BSI. After adjustments in multivariate model, the risk of 28-day mortality increased in the presence of each additional ECFC (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.3, p = 0.005). Infective endocarditis (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.4-10.7, p = 0.01) was independently associated with 28-day mortality. AUROC curve of ECFC model in predicting 28-day mortality was 0.74 with ECFC of 2 identified as the best breakpoint. Mortality was 8% in patients with ECFC < 2 compared to 33% in those with ECFC >= 2 (p < 0.001). Conclusion ECFC had good discrimination in predicting 28-day mortality in patients with Enterococcus species BSI. These criteria may have utility in future clinical investigations.