I am us: Negative stereotypes as collective threats

被引:224
作者
Cohen, GL [1 ]
Garcia, J [1 ]
机构
[1] Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
关键词
social identity; stereotype threat; racial identification; stigma; academic achievement;
D O I
10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.566
中图分类号
B84 [心理学];
学科分类号
04 ; 0402 ;
摘要
Collective threat is the fear that an ingroup member's behavior might reinforce a negative stereotype of one's group. In a field study, self-reported collective threat was higher in stereotyped minorities than in Whites and, was linked to lower self-esteem in both groups. In 3 experimental studies, a potentially poor performance by an ingroup member on a stereotype-relevant task proved threatening, as evidenced by lower self-esteem among minority students in 2 experiments and women in a 3(rd) experiment. The, latter study demonstrated the generality of collective threat. Collective threat also undermined academic performance and affected self-stereotyping, stereotype activation, and physical distancing from the ingroup member. Results further suggest that group identification plays a role in whether people use an avoidance or challenge strategy in coping with collective threat. Implications for theories of social identity and stigmatization are discussed.
引用
收藏
页码:566 / 582
页数:17
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