Myanmar's Foreign Policy: Shifting Legitimacy, Shifting Strategic Culture

Since 2011, while the principles of foreign policy "independent, active, and non-aligned" under the respective governments under the Union Solidarity and Development Party and the National League for Democracy have remained the same, the foreign policy approaches - including the concept of non-alignment - of the two leaders of these governments have been quite different. This article describes the survival and foreign policy of the small country of Myanmar beyond the great power lens, arguing that the impact of strategic culture on the two governments since 2011 has differed because of the different levels of legitimacy enjoyed by the two leaders. The cornerstones of Myanmar's strategic culture are (1) that it shall never tolerate foreign interference, (2) that it shall always pursue self-reliance in its diplomacy, and (3) that the very nature of Myanmar is to be independent.