Geochemical evidence of lake environments favorable for the formation of excellent source rocks: A case study from the third member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation in the Qikou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China

Lacustrine hydrocarbon source rocks with high quantity and quality of organic matter (OM) are developed within the third member of the Eocene Shahejie formation (Es-3) in the Qikou Sag of the Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China. However, the paleolake environments associated with deposition of these rocks remain relatively undescribed, restricting our understanding of the biogeochemical processes which contributed to the development of excellent source rocks and inhibiting efforts for exploration of lacustrine hydrocarbon deposits. In this study, 18 core samples from the Es-3 interval of Well Gangshen 4 in Qikou Sag were subject to a detailed analysis of bulk OM, biomarkers, molecular carbon isotopes, trace elements, and phosphorus (P) to investigate the environment and ecosystem of the ancient lake in which the rocks were deposited. High values of gammacerane index (ay. 0.35) recorded in the samples reveals the oxic-anoxic stratification in the water column that persisted for the majority of the year due to the hot climate and great depth of the lake during this period. Meanwhile C-13-depleted hopanes (lower than -63.2 parts per thousand) indicate an input of OM from chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic bacteria, supported by the production of CO2 and CH4 due to the anaerobic respiration of OM in the hypolimnion or sediments. The abundances of total organic carbon (TOC) relative to total P (TOC/P, mole ratio, ay. 289.9) indicates the preferential release of P from sediments in an anoxic environment. However, the low (<2.0) Ni/Co and V/Cr ratios and moderate (ay. 1.48) pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratios suggest periodic oxidation of the hypolimnion, which may be a result of replenishment of oxygen during the short-term mixing of the water column driven by seasonal cooling and wind disturbance. Excess P was introduced into the epilimnion via mixing, which initiated high algal productivity after further stratification of the water column. Algal OM produced in this early stratification phase was crucial for the formation of excellent source rocks. The large variation of delta C-13 in TOC, n-alkanes, and isoprenoids reflects changes in CO2 concentrations or carbon isotopes in the photic zone, which may be attributable to increased inputs of terrestrial OM in response to a changing climate.