Effects of the chemical foaming agents, injection parameters, and melt-flow index on the microstructure and mechanical properties of microcellular injection-molded wood-fiber/polypropylene composites

Wood-fiber-reinforced plastic profiles are growing rapidly in nonstructural wood-replacement applications. Most manufacturers are evaluating new alternative foamed composites, which are lighter and more like wood. Foamed wood composites accept screws and nails better than their nonfoarned counterparts, and they have other advantages as well. For example, internal pressures created by foaming give better surface definition and sharper contours and corners than nonfoamed profiles have. In this study, the microfoaming of polypropylene (PP) containing hardwood fiber was performed with an injection-molding process. The effects of different chemical foaming agents (endothermic, exothermic, and enclothermic/exothermic), injection parameters (the mold temperature, front flow speed, and filling quantity), and different types of PP (different melt-flow indices) on the density, microvoid content, physicomechanical properties, surface roughness, and microcell classification of microfoamed PP/wood-fiber composites were studied. A maleic anhydride/polypropylene copolymer (MAH-PP) compatibilizer was used with the intention of improving the mechanical properties of microfoamed composites. The microcell classification (from light microscopy) and scanning electron micrographs showed that an exothermic chemical foaming agent produced the best performance with respect to the cell size, diameter, and distance. The polymer melt-flow index and the variation of the injection parameters affected the properties and microstructure of the microfoarned composites. The density of the microfoarned hardwood-fiber/PP (with a high melt-flow index) composites was reduced by approximately 30% and decreased to 0.718 g/cm(3) with an exothermic chemical foaming agent. Tensile and flexural tests were performed on the foamed composites to determine the dependence of the mechanical properties on the density and microvoid content of the foamed specimens, and these properties were compared with those of nonfoamed composites. MAH-PP improved the physicomechanical properties up to 80%. With an increase in the mold temperature (80-110 degrees C), the surface roughness was reduced by nearly 70% for the foamed composites. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.