Use of micro-algae concentrates for hatchery culture of sandfish, Holothuria scabra

Three Instant Algae (R) (Reed Mariculture Inc., Campbell, CA, USA, 95008) products: (1) mono-cultured Isochrysis sp. (Haptophyceae) (Isochrysis 1800 (R)); (2) mono-cultured Pavlova sp. (Haptophyceae) (Pavlova 1800 (R)); and (3) mono-cultured Thalassiosira weissflogii (Bacillariophyceae) (TW 1200 (R)) were used to feed sandfish (Holothuria scabra) larvae both singly and in ternary combination to assess their nutritional efficacy. Two-day auriculariae were held at a starting density of 0.3 mL(-1) and were initially fed a daily ration equivalent to the dry weight of 10,000 cells mL(-1) of Isochrysis 1800 (R). This ration was increased by the dry weight equivalent of 1000 cells mL(-1) of Isochrysis 1800 (R) per day as larval development proceeded. Post-settled larvae fed TW 1200 (R) were significantly larger than those fed the ternary diet, Isochrysis 1800 (R) or Pavlova 1800 (R). There were significant differences in the mean (+/- SE) survival of auriculariae and post-settled larvae between treatments and survival to settlement was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for larvae fed TW 1200 (R) (13.7 +/- 0.7%) alone. Laval development, competency and survival were significantly correlated with dietary levels of total protein, lipid and nitrogen-free extract (NFE), and with total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of the diets, and the levels of some specific fatty acids (FA). The proportion of late auriculariae with hyaline spheres (day 13), numbers of competent doliolariae (day 15) and the total length of post-settled larvae (day 21) were all positively correlated with dietary NFE and palmitic acid (16: 0) contents, aswell as dietary EPA: DHA ratio. This study is the first comprehensive assessment of the nutritional value of micro-algae concentrates for sandfish larvae based on their nutrient compositions. Our study confirms the feasibility of using commercially available microalgae concentrates as a sole food source for hatchery culture of sandfish, and is the first to report successful hatchery culture of H. scabra without using live micro-algae. All micro-algae concentrates used in this study proved nutritious for H. scabra larvae and supported normal growth and development and relatively high survival, through settlement. Use of commercially available micro-algae concentrates as a replacement for live micro-algae in sandfish hatcheries supports development of cheaper, simpler larval rearing protocols for this species. Statement of relevance: Hatchery culture of sandfish using micro-algae concentrates, without the use of live micro-algae, is a significant finding that supports development of cheaper, simpler larval rearing protocols for this species. Our study provides detailed nutritional compositional data for the products used and on this basis we were able to deduce new information relating to key nutrients for sea cucumber larvae. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.