One-step fabricated Fe3O4@C core-shell composites for dye removal: Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics

B-Fe3O4@C core-shell composites were synthesized via one-pot hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process and used as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. By using sodium borate as the catalyst, the hydrothermal carbonization process of B-Fe3O4@C core-shell composites was optimized and a higher surface area was obtained. The adsorbent was characterized by XRD, Raman spectra, SEM, TEM and N-2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. We studied the dye adsorption process at different conditions and analyzed the data by employing the Langmuir and Freundlich models, and the equilibrium data fitted well with both models. Kinetic analyses were conducted by using the Lagergren pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order model and the results showed that the adsorption process was more consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetics. To better understand the dye adsorption process from the thermodynamics perspective, we also calculated Delta H degrees, Delta S degrees, Delta G degrees and E alpha, the results suggesting that the MB adsorption process was physisorption endothermic process, and spontaneous at room temperature. The as-synthesized B-Fe3O4@C showing high magnetic sensitivity provides a facile and efficient way to recycle from aqueous solution. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.