Adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the dog and cat

NSAIDs are a group of drugs used widely in both animals and humans. The main applications of NSAIDs are for the treatment of pain, inflammation and pyrexia. The primary mechanism of action of NSAIDs is inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase. This results in a reduction of the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are mediators of inflammation. This inhibition also causes a number of side effects, particularly on the gastro-intestinal tract and the kidneys. It is possible to reduce the risk of side effects by knowing the predisposing factors and administering prophylactic medication. This article reviews the side effects of both human and animal approved NSAIDs in dogs and cats. The mechanisms which are responsible for the adverse effects are discussed as well as risk factors, prevention and treatment, and recent discoveries for the development of future NSAIDs.