Spatial patterns and environmental associations of deep scattering layers in the northwestern subtropical Pacific Ocean

The mesopelagic communities are important for food web and carbon pump in ocean, but the large-scale studies of them are still limited until now because of the difficulties on sampling and analyzing of mesopelagic organisms. Mesopelagic organisms, especially micronekton, can form acoustic deep scattering layers (DSLs) and DSLs are widely observed. To explore the spatial patterns of DSLs and their possible influencing factors, the DSLs during daytime (10:00-14:00) were investigated in the subtropical northwestern Pacific Ocean (13 degrees-23.5 degrees N, 153 degrees-163 degrees E) using a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler at 38 kHz. The study area was divided into three parts using k-means cluster analysis: the northern part (NP, 22 degrees-24 degrees N), the central part (CP, 17 degrees-22 degrees N), and the southern part (SP, 12 degrees-17 degrees N). The characteristics of DSLs varied widely with latitudinal gradient. Deepest core DSLs (523.5 m +/- 17.4 m), largest nautical area scattering coefficient (NASC) (130.8 m(2)/n mile(2)+/- 41.0 m(2)/n mile(2)), and most concentrated DSLs (mesopelagic organisms gathering level, 6.7%+/- 0.7%) were observed in NP. The proportion of migration was also stronger in NP (39.7%) than those in other parts (18.6% in CP and 21.5% in SP) for mesopelagic organisms. The latitudinal variation of DSLs was probably caused by changes in oxygen concentration and light intensity of mesopelagic zones. A positive relationship between NASC and primary productivity was identified. A four-months lag was seemed to exist. This study provides the first basin-scale baselines information of mesopelagic communities in the northwest Pacific with acoustic approach. Further researches are suggested to gain understandings of seasonal and annual variations of DSLs in the region.