Natural radioactivity in building materials in the European Union: a database and an estimate of radiological significance

The authors set up a database of activity concentration measurements of natural radionuclides (Ra-226. Th-232 and K-40) in building material. It contains about 10,000 samples of both bulk material (bricks, concrete, cement, natural- and phosphogypsum, sedimentary and igneous bulk stones) and superficial material (igneous and metamorphic stones) used in the construction industry in most European Union Member States. The database allowed the authors to calculate the activity concentration index I - suggested by a European technical guidance document and recently used as a basis for elaborating the draft Euratom Basic Safety Standards Directive - for bricks, concrete and phosphogypsum used in the European Union. Moreover, the percentage could be assessed of materials possibly subject to restrictions, if either of the two dose criteria proposed by the technical guidance were to be adopted. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.