Chloramine Disinfection-Induced Nitrification Activities and Their Potential Public Health Risk Indications within Deposits of a Drinking Water Supply System

Microsensors were applied to study the diffusion reaction and activity of a nitrogen species of deposit sediment from a drinking water supply system. Microprofiles of dissolved oxygen (DO), NH4+-N, NO3--N, and NO2-N in the sediment indicated that the DO concentration decreased from the highest at the sediment surface to zero at the bottom of the sediment. Similarly, with the increase of depth, NH4+-N initially increased rapidly and then decreased slowly, while the concentration of NO3--N reached a maximum at around 6000 mu m and then decreased to about 0.1 mg.L-1 near the bottom of the sediment. Almost no change was observed for NO2--N. The decrease of NH4+-N and DO corresponded well with the increase of NO3--N. Furthermore, based on a consumption and production rate analysis, DO has always been consumed; the NH4+-N consumption rate increased rapidly within 0-1000 mu m, reaching about 14 mg.L-1.S-1.10(-9). A small amount of NH4+-N was produced in 2000-6000 mu m, which could be attributed to denitrification activity. There was no change deeper than 6000 mu m, while NO3--N was produced at a depth between 0 and 6000 mu m and was consumed in the deeper zone. At the depth of 9000 mu m, the NO3--N consumption reached a maximum of 5 mg.L-1.S-1.10(-9). The consumption of DO and NH4+-N, which corresponded with the production of NO3--N in a specific microscale range within the sediment, demonstrated nitrification and denitrification activities. In addition, the time required for the diffusion of only DO, NH4+-N, NO3--N, and NO2--N was estimated as 14 days; however, in the practical, even after 60 days of operation, there was still a continuous reaction, which provided further evidence towards microbial activities within the sediment.