Rethinking classical internal forces for active contour models

The classical active contour model has two basic internal forces: tension and curvature. These forces are included to provide cohension, equal control point spacing, and locally smooth shape. These classical internal forces have undesirable attributes that are in conflict with these original desired characteristics. Tension evenly spaces the control points, but also causes the models to collapse in weak image gradients. Curvature produces locally smooth curvature, but it does so by forcing the model toward a straight line. This paper returns to the original active contour model motivations, to reformulate these internal forces. The desired properties are achieved without the introduction of unwanted model behavior A new spacing force and a new constant change in curvature force are introduced and their performance characteristics are discussed The paper includes experimental results that demonstrate the efficacy and performance of the proposed reformulations.