High atherogenic index of plasma and cardiovascular risk factors among Ghanaian breast cancer patients

Comorbidities impact negatively on breast cancer prognosis, especially in developing countries where cases are usually presented to clinics at advanced stages. This study aimed to determine the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and cardiovascular risk factors among Ghanaian women diagnosed with breast cancer. A total of 52 breast cancer patients were age-matched with 52 healthy controls. Sociodemographics of participants were obtained using a well-structured questionnaire. Pathological data of patients were obtained from medical records, and all clinical and anthropometric measurements were done using standard instruments. Lipid profile was determined from serum using enzymatic assays, and cardiovascular risk factors were calculated from estimated lipid parameters. Blood pressure, AIP, total cholesterol (T. chol), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) were significantly elevated (P < 0.05) in the breast cancer patients compared to the controls, but the reverse was observed for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (P < 0.01). Obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 2.51,P = 0.015), hypertension (OR = 4.04,P < 0.001), AIP (OR = 10.44,P < 0.001), and dyslipidemia (P < 0.01) were significantly associated with breast cancer. AIP correlated positively with age (r = 0.244,P < 0.05), body mass index (r = 0.225,P < 0.05), blood pressure (P < 0.01), T. chol (r =0.418,P< 0.01), and TG (r = 0.880,P < 0.01), but inversely correlated with HDL-c (r = -0.460,P < 0.01). A greater proportion (88%) of the patients presented with advanced breast cancer. AIP and cardiovascular risk factors were high in the breast cancer patients. Considering that AIP and cardiovascular disease risk factors are of interest in breast cancer patients, further studies are needed to understand the effect of AIP and cardiovascular risk factors on breast cancer outcomes. Impact statement Breast cancer prognosis is negatively impacted by comorbidities, especially in global regions where patients present to clinics with advanced cancer stages. This study reports preliminary findings on atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and cardiovascular risk factors in Ghanaian breast cancer patients. AIP and cardiovascular risk factors were identified to be high in the breast cancer patients and therefore should be of prime interest to warrant further studies. Ultimately, understanding the contribution of AIP and cardiovascular risk factors in breast cancer will impact positively on clinical management of patients with breast cancer.