Changing patterns of sexuality in northern Namibia: implications for the transmission of HIV/AIDS

The objective of this study was to see how changes in patterns of sexual life may affect HIV transmission in northern Namibia. Literature reviews, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation were undertaken to explore traditional Owambo definitions of morality, and recent changes to them under the impact of Christianity and colonialism. Taboos and social sanctions against prohibited sexual behaviour have changed markedly, thereby loosening Community control over sexuality and sexual behaviours that may predispose to HIV/AIDS-related risk. The practice of ewilo has ceased, undermining Voting men's self-restraint, self respect and respect for women. Taboos that increased a sense of responsibility in sexual matters and provided the link between community morals and Sexual behaviour have weakened, and sexual attitudes have become more liberal. The disappearance of initiation practices Such as efundula, which once served to protect young women from unwanted sex, has served to empower men more in Sexual matters. This, together with the growth of sex work, may plausibly contribute to increased HIV transmission, and provides fertile ground for the further development of the epidemic.