Advances in virtual metal forming including the ductile damage occurrence: Application to 3D sheet metal deep drawing

An advanced numerical methodology to simulate virtually any sheet or bulk metal forming including various kinds of initial and induced anisotropies fully coupled to the isotropic ductile damage is presented. First, the fully coupled anisotropic constitutive equations in the framework of continuum damage mechanics under large plastic deformation are presented. Special care is paid to the strong coupling between the main mechanical fields such as elastoplasticity, mixed nonlinear isotropic and kinematic hardenings, ductile isotropic damage, and contact with friction in the framework of nonassociative and non-normal formulation. The associated numerical aspects concerning both the local integration of the coupled constitutive equations as well as the (global) equilibrium integration schemes are presented. The local integration is outlined, thanks to the Newton iterative scheme applied to a reduced system of ordinary differential equations. For the global resolution of the equilibrium problem, the classical dynamic explicit (DE) scheme with an adaptive time step control is used. This fully coupled procedure is implemented into the general purpose finite element code for metal forming simulation, namely, ABAQUS/EXPLICIT. This gives a powerful numerical tool for virtual optimization of metal forming processes before their physical realization. This optimization with respect to the ductile damage occurrence can be made either to avoid the damage occurrence to have a nondamaged part as in forging, stamping, deep drawing, etc., or to favor the damage initiation and growth for some metal cutting processes as in blanking, guillotining, or machining by chip formation. Two 3D examples concerning the sheet metal forming are given in order to show the capability of the proposed methodology to predict the damage initiation and growth during metal forming processes.