Some of the significant new trends in high-performance fibers and fiber technology are discussed in the special issue of Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. The issue is intended to provide an overview of the latest developments in high-performance fibers. It also aimed at providing some highlights on modern aspects of fiber chemistry and technology. This special issue contained a review on carbon fibers, focusing on carbon fiber precursors, manufacturing, and the properties of carbon fibers, along with those parameters that were critical for obtaining high E-modulus and tensile strength carbon fibers. The area of high-performance ceramic fibers was reviewed by Schawaller and other researchers. Another important aspect of high-performance fibers for fiber-reinforced concrete was the creep and failure under load.