First directly retrieved global distribution of tropospheric column ozone from GOME: Comparison with the GEOS-CHEM model

[1] We present the first directly retrieved global distribution of tropospheric column ozone from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) ultraviolet measurements during December 1996 to November 1997. The retrievals clearly show signals due to convection, biomass burning, stratospheric influence, pollution, and transport. They are capable of capturing the spatiotemporal evolution of tropospheric column ozone in response to regional or short time-scale events such as the 1997 - 1998 El Nino event and a 10 - 20 DU change within a few days. The global distribution of tropospheric column ozone displays the well-known wave-1 pattern in the tropics, nearly zonal bands of enhanced tropospheric column ozone of 36 - 48 DU at 20 degrees S-30 degrees S during the austral spring and at 25 degrees N - 45 degrees N during the boreal spring and summer, low tropospheric column ozone of < 30 DU uniformly distributed south of 35 degrees S during all seasons, and relatively high tropospheric column ozone of > 33 DU at some northern high-latitudes during the spring. Simulation from a chemical transport model corroborates most of the above structures, with small biases of < +/- 5 DU and consistent seasonal cycles in most regions, especially in the southern hemisphere. However, significant positive biases of 5 - 20 DU occur in some northern tropical and subtropical regions such as the Middle East during summer. Comparison of GOME with monthly-averaged Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus in-service Aircraft (MOZAIC) tropospheric column ozone for these regions usually shows good consistency within 1 sigma standard deviations and retrieval uncertainties. Some biases can be accounted for by inadequate sensitivity to lower tropospheric ozone, the different spatiotemporal sampling and the spatiotemporal variations in tropospheric column ozone.