INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING ON GROUND SURFACE SETTLEMENT DUE TO SHALLOW TUNNELS EXCAVATION USING NUMERICAL MODELING

Ground surface Settlement caused by tunnel excavation varies in magnitude and trend depending on several factors such as tunnel geometry, ground conditions, etc. Although them are several empirical, semi-empirical formulae (formulas) and numerical methods available for predicting wound surface settlement. Among these methods, most of empirical and semi-empirical formulae do not simultaneously consider all the relevant factors in the complex condition. In this complex condition, numerical methods can be used for resulting accurate prediction. In this paper, some of important factors such as tunnel geometry and ground properties were investigated by finite deference method using FLAC(2D)) software. The results of this research paper indicated that the wound surface settlement is more sensitive by tunnel geometry in comparison with height of tunnel placement.