Diagnosis of pT2 gallbladder cancer by serial examinations with endoscopic ultrasound and angiography

Background The prognosis of pT2 gallbladder cancer correlates with whether appropriate surgery for the spread of cancer has been performed. Therefore, accurate preoperative T staging is especially important. We carried out this study to evaluate the usefulness of serial examinations by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and angiography for the T staging of pT2 gallbladder cancer. Methods. Forty-eight patients with gallbladder cancer who underwent both EUS and surgery between 1983 and 1998 were included in this study. The accuracy of serial examination by both EUS and angiography in T staging, based on previously established diagnostic criteria, was retrospectively evaluated. First, the presence or absence of subserosal tumor invasion was assessed by EUS alone. Second, in equivocal cases, the depth of tumor invasion was further evaluated by angiographic findings. Results. Twenty-four patients were correctly diagnosed as having other than pT2 cancer by EUS alone. Angiographic findings were reviewed in 19 of the remaining patients, who had pT1, pT2, or a small number of pT3 lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy in the T staging of pT2 gallbladder cancer was 81.8%, 90.6%, and 88.4%, respectively. Conclusions. Serial angiographic examination following adequate patient selection by EUS is effective and efficient for the diagnosis of pT2 gallbladder cancer.