From biophilic design to biophilic urbanism: Stakeholders' perspectives

This paper distills and examines 42 biophilic strategies ranging from immediate sensorial effects (Biophilia Design) to systematic urban life changes (Biophilia Urbanism). A Biophilia Workshop gathering experienced biophilic project stakeholders (N = 30) from Singapore was conducted to evaluate the selected strategies using multicores including Effectiveness, Cost, Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Voting Portio (VP). "Biophilic infrastructure", "sensorial design" and "green space place-making" were the most cost-effective strategies; "biophilic infrastructure" and "sensorial design" were the most favoured strategies. On the other side, "using natural elements as a decoration or ornamentation" would not be either cost-effective or favored by stakeholders. Generally, Biophilic Design related strategies were more likely to be agreed on by the majority of stakeholders since their impacts and benefits have been well documented; while Biophilic Urbanism related strategies which set long goals to shape a new urban lifestyle, might be associated with higher cost while the impact is less known. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.