THE IMAGE OF THE MARTYR IN THE BAROQUE: THE STRENGTH OF SPIRIT

Images and descriptions of martyrs typically display a cairn appearance and strength of spirit, resulting from their prototypical representation in the hagiographic literature. Stories of martyrdom regained popularity in the 16th century, with the creation of new martyrs in the context of the Reformation. Interest in the expression of emotion during the Baroque period resulted in the further development of the theme. Baroque artists reintroduced the heroic tone and decorum required for images of martyrdom. These depictions were influenced by advances in the scientific study of the human body and illustrations in treatises on anatomy and surgery. Apart from the identifying palm and crown, a calm face, a joyful expression and a strong constitution characterized martyrs. Their strength of spirit was contrasted with the violence of the executioner.