Esophageal position, measured luminal temperatures, and risk of atrioesophageal fistula with atrial fibrillation ablation

Background Despite improvement in catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF), ability to recognize and prevent esophageal injury remains challenging. We hypothesized that esophageal course may impact esophageal heating, as measured through ablation, and thereby, risk of injury. Methods We evaluated all patients undergoing first-time AF ablation with preprocedural computed tomography (CT) imaging from 2014 to 2016 at our institution, focusing on esophageal position at the left atrial (LA)/pulmonary vein junction. Esophageal luminal temperatures (ELTs) were analyzed by esophageal course. In exploratory work by investigation of published reports of atrioesophageal fistula (AEF), we evaluated for a relationship between esophageal course and risk of AEF. Results Of 68 patients, 48.5% had midline, 36.8% leftward, and 14.7% rightward esophageal positions. Of 20 patients (29% of cohort) with esophageal confinement-defined as a midline or leftward position relative to the LA, vertebrae, and aorta, with luminal distortion-14 had leftward position. No significant differences in patient or procedure characteristics were noted between confinement and nonconfinement cohorts. The average peak ELT was significantly higher in those with confinement (36.9 degrees C vs 36.2 degrees C, P < 0.05) and confinement with a left-sided esophagus (37.1 degrees C vs 36.2 degrees C, P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between esophageal confinement and risk of AEF (odds ratio [OR]: 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-6.2, P < 0.01). Conclusion Approximately one-third of patients undergoing AF ablation display leftward esophageal course along the ablation zone on preprocedure CT imaging, with a significant portion exhibiting esophageal confinement. In those with confinement, higher peak ELTs are noted with ablation. Esophageal confinement may be a risk factor for development of AEF.