Titanium with Surface-Grafted Dextran and Immobilized Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 for Inhibition of Bacterial Adhesion and Enhancement of Osteoblast Functions

Failure of bone and joint implants has been attributed mainly to poor bonding of the implant to bone tissue, and to bacterial infection. The probability of successful osseointegration or implant infection depends on the race for the surface between tissue cells and bacteria. One promising strategy to enhance tissue integration is to develop a selective biointeractive surface that increases bone cell (osteoblast) function while decreasing bacterial adhesion. In this in vitro study, the surface of titanium alloy substrates was first functionalized by covalently grafted oxidized dextran, which is known to have activity against bacterial adhesion. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was then covalently linked to dextran-grafted surfaces through a chemical conjugation process. The composition and properties of the surface were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and by measuring the surface density of BMP-2 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bacterial adhesion was assayed with Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Bacterial adhesion on both the dextran and dextran-BMP-2-functionalized surfaces was significantly decreased compared to that on the pristine substrates. Further, the dextran-BMP-2 modified substrates with a surface protein density of >50 ng/cm(2) or higher significantly promoted osteoblast spreading, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium mineral deposition. Thus, the results from this study suggest that surface grafting of dextran in conjunction with the bone growth factor BMP-2 on metal surfaces can enhance tissue integration of implants through the dual functions of reducing bacterial adhesion and promoting osteoblast functions.