Water Quality Trends in the Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge

The Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge) developed throughout millennia as a system with waters low in nutrients. Today, the Refuge wetlands are impacted by inflows containing elevated nutrient concentrations originating from agricultural sources. Surface water samples were collected monthly at 48 marsh and five canal sites from June, 2004 through May, 2011 and analyzed water quality trends by sampling perimeter, transition, and the interior zones based on distance from the canal towards the Refuge interior. Nutrient, inorganic ion, and C concentrations generally decreased with distance from the canal to the Refuge interior. These water quality parameters also decreased from the canal to the Refuge interior, but less sharply. This finding suggests that there has been less canal water intrusion into the Refuge during the sampling period. The origin of the high Ca and Cl concentrations in canal water is most likely from intrusion of connate seawater into the canal. The reason for the improved water quality from June, 2004 to June 2011 can be attributed to an improved STA1-East performance since 2005. Additionally, canal water that originally by-passed treatment in STA1-East and STA1-West, and flowed into the L-7 canal through the S-6 pump, is now diverted farther south into STA2 for treatment.