Branded Axes, Thrown into a Pool? The Hoogeloon Hoard and the Shape-Based Bronze Economy of the North-West European Bronze Age

One of the biggest challenges for students of the European Bronze Age is to understand the reason behind the massive deposition of large amounts of recyclable metal in non-metalliferous regions. Such depositions are particularly puzzling when material was buried in a manner which directly seems to denote trade itself, in so-called 'trade hoards'. Based on observations on a recent find of such a hoard, in Hoogeloon (NL), we move to an overview of Bronze Age metalwork economy in general and the deposition of trade stock in particular. We argue that Middle Bronze Age metalwork circulation in North-west Europe may be understood as an aes formatum system, with the serially produced axes in hoards displaying a koine having a particular social evaluation: a 'brand'. We suggest that objects were selected by brands for their deposition in the landscape and that this 'ritual' act was integral to the 'practical' economy of circulation.