State of emerging technologies for assessing aquatic condition in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence River system

A survey of institutions that operate emerging technologies used to monitor water quality and environmental conditions in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence system was conducted in 2015. Data were summarized with the aim to provide insight into the current status of these aquatic environment observing systems at a time when these technologies are recognized to have great value but full implementation of observing systems is not yet in place. Fifty-three emerging technology observing platforms were described; over half of the systems were operated by institutions with multiple systems. Most emerging technology operators were from academic institutions and the largest (most expensive) emerging technology observing platforms were operated by government agencies. Physical properties were the most common water qualities measured. Lake Erie had the greatest number of emerging technology platforms making observations whereas the rivers connecting and draining the system had the least. Most observations were made in ice-free seasons. Data from these observing platforms were primarily used for sharing with other end-users. Emerging technologies can help resource managers make more informed decisions to meet the objectives of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and improve dissemination of public information. Technological and non-technological innovation is necessary for successful establishment of cost-effective system-wide observatory that can support bi-national obligations to monitor ecosystem restoration and protect water quality throughout the Great Lakes system. (C) 2016 International Association for Great Lakes Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.