It is not what you have; It is what you do with it: Support for Addis's gendered responding framework

Depression in men is a critical topic but unfortunately there has been more rhetoric than research on the nature, extent, and treatment of depression in men. Many of the models of depression in men are based on a medical model view of "big D" depression. Addis's gendered responding framework provides an innovative perspective on depression in men that has important implications for theories, research, and clinical interventions. Additional support for Addis's model is provided from existing studies on substance use as a response to negative affect and gender differences in rumination, and from new results presented here.