Magnetospheric sources of Pc1-2 ULF waves observed in the polar ionospheric waveguide

Energy from the outer regions of the magnetosphere may be transferred to the polar ionosphere by plasma waves. A magnetometer array operated during the Antarctic winter observed Ultra-Low-Frequency (ULF) plasma waves in the Pc1-2 (0.1-10.0 Hz) frequency range, propagating parallel to the surface of the Earth in a waveguide or duct centred at similar to300 km altitude in the ionosphere. These compressional fast mode plasma waves most likely originated in the outer magnetosphere as shear mode plasma waves guided along the geomagnetic field. The region of origin in the magnetosphere for the waves is not certain as several widely spaced volumes map along geomagnetic field lines to a relatively close ensemble in the polar ionosphere. This paper compares the direction of propagation for the waves with signatures of magnetospheric regions geomagnetically projecting onto the ionosphere. Regions such as the polar cusp, low latitude boundary layer and mantle were observed by DMSP spacecraft and a SuperDARN high-frequency radar. The most likely region in the polar ionosphere for the fast mode waves to have originated from is equatorwards of the polar cusp, suggesting the field guided waves originated just inside the magnetopause. A case is made for association of the observed Pc1-2 ULF waves with post-noon, field-aligned-current systems driven by reconnection of the solar Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) and the geomagnetic field near the magnetopause.