Acoustic target strengths (TSs) of bay anchovy [Anchoa mitchilli, 4.7-6.1 cm TL (total length)] and Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus, 5.1-7.7 cm TL) were measured at 420 kHz during side-aspect, ex situ experiments. TS-TL relationships were derived at aspect for tethered individuals, and TS distributions were compared with those of free-swimming fish. Linear models relating TS and TL were fitted to data at two levels of pulse duration (0.1 and 0.4 ms) for both side aspect and all horizontal aspects of each species, and for pooled data from both species. At a pulse duration of 0.4 ms, the side-aspect TS-TL relationships were anchovy: TSlateral = 19.5 log(10) TLcm - 62.4; menhaden: TSlateral = 26.1 log(10) L-cm - 65.6; pooled: TSlateral = 32 log(10) TLcm - 70.9. For all horizontal-aspect orientations (0 - 180 degrees in the horizontal) the best-fit TS - TL relationships were anchovy: TSall = 20 log(10) TLcm - 65.4; menhaden: TSall = 20 log(10) TLcm - 64.8; pooled: TSall = 20 log(10) TLcm - 65. However, the "fit" for all angles was consistently low. Predicted TS comparisons with side-aspect models presented by earlier authors suggested biases in the estimated TL. Additionally, relationships between TS and wet weight (W) were derived for each species. Variation in TS by pulse-duration level suggests the potential for the use of this factor as a time-dependent variable by which to separate echoes from bay anchovy and Gulf menhaden.
