Suspensions of paramagnetic colloids are driven to phase separate and self-assemble by a toggled magnetic field. Initially, all suspensions form network structures that span the sample cell. When the magnetic field is toggled, this network structure coarsens diffusively for a time that scales exponentially with frequency. Beyond this break through time, suspensions cease diffusive coarsening and undergo an apparent instability. The magnetic field drives suspensions to condense into dispersed, domains of body-centered tetragonal crystals. Within these domains the crystalline order depends on the pulse frequency. Because the scaling of the break through time with respect to frequency is exponential, the steady state limit corresponding to an infinite pulse frequency is kinetically arrested and the equilibrium state is unreachable. These experiments show that there is an out-of-equilibrium pathway that can be used to escape a kinetically arrested state as well as a diverging time scale for phase separation as the critical frequency for condensation is approached. Rather than fine tuning the strength of the interactions among particles, a simple annealing scheme -toggling of the magnetic field - is used to create a broad envelope for assembly of ordered particle structures.
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Univ Delaware, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Allan P Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USAUniv Delaware, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Allan P Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
Kim, Hojin
Sau, Moujhuri
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Univ Delaware, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Allan P Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USAUniv Delaware, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Allan P Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
Sau, Moujhuri
Furst, Eric M.
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Univ Delaware, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Allan P Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USAUniv Delaware, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Allan P Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
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Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USAUniv Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
Chen, Qian
Bae, Sung Chul
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Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USAUniv Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
Bae, Sung Chul
Granick, Steve
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Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USAUniv Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USAUniv Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
Zhang, Jie
Yan, Jing
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Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USAUniv Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
Yan, Jing
Granick, Steve
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Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
UNIST, IBS Ctr Soft & Living Matter, Ulsan 689798, South KoreaUniv Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA