Isomer-specific regulation of differentiating pig preadipocytes by conjugated linoleic acids

Conjugated linoleic acids are a group of geometric and positional isomers of linoleic acid that decrease body fat in growing animals by a poorly understood mechanism. The objective of this study was to investigate the isomer-specific effect of CLA on the proliferation and differentiation of pig preadipocytes in primary culture. The effect of CLA on preadipocyte proliferation was determined using cleavage of the tetrazolium salt, WST-1, as a marker for proliferation. Preadipocyte number was decreased in a dose-dependent fashion by trans-12,cis-10 CLA (P < 0.05). No other fatty acid affected preadipocyte number. Differentiation was monitored on d 10 after induction morphologically, enzymatically, and by measuring the mRNA abundance of key adipogenic transcription factors. Both a crude CLA preparation containing a mixture of CLA isomers (CLA-mix) and the pure trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer inhibited glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity in a dose-dependent fashion, with trans-10, cis-12 CLA being more potent (P < 0.01) than the CLA-mix. Cis-9, trans-11 CLA failed to decrease GPDH activity; however, increasing concentrations of cis-9, trans-11 CLA tended to blunt the inhibitory effect of trans-10, cis-12 CLA on GPDH activity (P < 0.09), suggesting that cis-9,trans-11 CLA may antagonize the action of trans10, cis-12 CLA in porcine adipocytes. Finally, the isomer-specific effect of CLA on adipogenic transcription factor gene expression was investigated. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR gamma; P < 0.01) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c; P < 0.05) mRNA, while failing to alter the expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP alpha) mRNA. Interestingly, both the CLA-mix and the trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer increased the mRNA abundance of chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor I (COUP-TF; P < 0.002). No other fatty acid affected COUP-TF mRNA levels. Collectively these data support the concept that CLA decreases fat accretion in pigs, in part by inhibiting preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation, with trans-10,cis-12 CLA being an active isomer eliciting these effects. Furthermore, trans-10,cis-12 CLA inhibits porcine preadipocyte differentiation by a mechanism that involves the down-regulation of PPAR gamma and SREBP-1c mRNA. This mechanism is independent of changes in C/EBPa mRNA abundance and may involve COUP-TF.