Observed and WRF-simulated low-level winds in a high-ozone episode during the Central California Ozone Study

A case study is carried out for the 29 July-3 August 2000 episode of the Central California Ozone Study (CCOS), a typical summertime high-ozone event in the Central Valley of California. The focus of the study is on the low-level winds that control the transport and dispersion of pollutants in the Central Valley. An analysis of surface and wind profiler observations from the CCOS field experiment indicates a number of important low-level flows in the Central Valley: 1) the incoming low-level marine airflow through the Carquinez Strait into the Sacramento River delta, 2) the diurnal cycle of upslope-downslope flows, 3) the up-and down-valley flow in the Sacramento Valley, 4) the nocturnal low-level jet in the San Joaquin Valley, and 5) the orographically induced mesoscale eddies (the Fresno and Schultz eddies). A numerical simulation using the advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) reproduces the overall pattern of the observed low-level flows. The physical reasons behind the quantitative differences between the observed and simulated low-level winds are also analyzed and discussed, although not enough observations are available to diagnose thoroughly the model-error sources. In particular, hodograph analysis is applied to provide physical insight into the impact of the large-scale, upper-level winds on the locally forced low-level winds. It is found that the diurnal rotation of the observed and simulated hodographs of the local winds varies spatially in the Central Valley, resulting from the combining effect of topographically induced local forcing and the interaction between the upper-level winds and the aforementioned low-level flows. The trajectory analysis not only further confirms that WRF reproduces the observed low-level transport processes reasonably well but also shows that the simulated upper-level winds have noticeable errors. The results from this study strongly suggest that the errors in the WRF-simulated low-level winds are related not only to the errors in the model's surface conditions and atmospheric boundary layer physics but also to the errors in the upper-level forcing mostly prescribed in the model's lateral boundary conditions.