Biofunctionalized 3D printed structures for biomedical applications: A critical review of recent advances and future prospects

One of the greatest trends currently revolutionizing healthcare is the introduction of advanced additive manufacturing techniques, also known as 3D printing, for personalized, regenerative, and accessible treatments. Bioactivity, as controlled by physical cues and biochemical signalling, is essential to this broad range of emerging treatments. In this review, we critically examine the current capabilities and limitations of biofunctionalization methods that have been used to immobilize biomolecules on 3D printed structures. A set of relevant considerations for determining the optimum biofunctionalization approach for an application is outlined, and common co-requisites are identified. Opportunities for expansion and improve-ment in relation to materials, biomolecules, cells, other immobilization methods and further applications are explored. The rapid expansion in the number of studies observed in recent years will likely accelerate due to the promising results to date.