Identifying fit-for purpose methods for monitoring fish communities

Scientific monitoring is a fundamental basis of scientific advice. Among others, monitoring aims at contributing towards understanding the influence of anthropogenic use (e.g. fisheries), the health of a stock and individuum and effectiveness of management and conservation measures (e.g. MPAs). Monitoring of demersal and benthic fish communities is often based on invasive methods like bottom trawling, however in some cases less invasive methods might be available. The need for developing alternative and less invasive monitoring methods is supported by an increasing number of Marine Protected Areas and Windfarms where traditional methods such as trawls cannot be deployed due to conservational or technical and safety reasons. To support the development of new monitoring concepts, we conducted a literature review to identify limits and opportunities of methods that are already available. Furthermore, we present a fit-for purpose guide that can help identifying the appropriate method for individual purposes. We defined eight different methods which were analyzed using four different criteria and listed their advantages and disadvantages. We further apply this guide to monitoring in Marine Protected Areas in the Baltic Sea as a case study, indicating that besides traditional bottom trawling, alternative and less invasive methods could be sufficient for specific research purposes. We therefore, encourage scientists and managers to consider alternative data collection methods to minimize environmental impact of scientific sampling. However, our results also indicate that most of the methods still need further refinement especially regarding sampling design, standardization of methods and comparability with established survey methods.