Mapping two decades of multiple sclerosis rehabilitation trials: A systematic scoping review and call to action to advance the study of race and ethnicity in rehabilitation research

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS), is prevalent across many racial and ethnic groups, and disproportionately impacts racially minoritized populations. Rehabilitation interventions are an important component of compre-hensive MS care. Yet, we do not know the extent to which MS rehabilitation trials consider race and ethnicity in defining eligibility criteria, planning recruitment strategies, selecting outcome measures, supporting intervention delivery, and designing approaches to promote adherence and retention.Methods: We conducted a scoping review of five databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, EMBASE, and Web of Science) to locate randomized controlled rehabilitation trials published from January 2002 to March 2022. We extracted data from relevant studies, assessed their methodological quality, and narratively summa-rized results. Reporting of this review is in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).Results: Fifty-six studies of neurorehabilitation (n = 3), cognitive rehabilitation (n = 6), exercise training (n = 9) and self-management (n = 38) interventions were included in this review. The studies were predominantly from North America (n = 44; 73%) or Europe (n = 12; 20%) and included 4280 participants. Most participants (n = 3669; 86%) were Caucasians. Less than 10% of participants were Black (n = 282), Latinx/Hispanic (n = 60), Asian (n = 46), Indigenous (n = 7), or Arab (n = 2). Few studies discussed how race and/or ethnicity were considered in trial planning or execution.Conclusions: Without consistent and systematic attention to race and ethnicity, both in terms of trial design and reporting, it is impossible to know how MS rehabilitation interventions will translate into real-world applica-tions. This call to action - to the MS rehabilitation research community to ensure trial and intervention processes that accommodate the needs of diverse racial and ethnic groups - is an important first step in addressing in-equities in rehabilitation care for persons with MS.