Exploiting Sentinel-5P for Spatio-Temporal Analysis of SO2 Volcanic Ash Activity in 2019-2022 at Indonesia Using Earth Engine Platform

Based on data from website MAGMA PVMBG, the Geological Agency of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, from 2019 until 2022, about 10 volcanoes in Indonesia have erupted, some more than twice. In addition, there are 10% of Indonesian people who live around disaster-prone areas, so they have great potential to be exposed SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide) pollutants due to volcanic ash. Therefore, a spatiotemporal analysis was carried out on SO2 concentrations due to volcanic eruptions in Indonesia for the 2019-2022 period using Sentinel-5P imagery data with a cloud-based application, Google Earth Engine. The analysis was carried out during pre-eruption, eruption, and post-eruption to find out the differences and distribution of concentrations. The processed data and other supporting information will be presented in the form of visualization maps, diagrams, tables, and Google Earth Engine Apps. The research method is carried out by classification and sampling with the object of research focused on 5 volcanoes spread across the national scope, namely Mount Agung, Mount Semeru, Mount Ibu, Mount Anak Krakatau, and Mount Sinabung. The image used is Sentinel-5P with the advantage of temporal resolution, which can acquire daily data. The concentration values of SO2 in volcanic eruption areas ranged from -0.0009 to 0.002 mol/m2 with varying value in each affected area. Correlation tests for the processed results showed that BMKG (The Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency) parameters (wind speed, temperature, humidity, and rainfall) influence the distribution of SO2 in the five studied volcano areas.