Postoperative Intracranial Hemorrhage after an Endoscopic L5-S1 Laminectomy and Discectomy: A Case Report and Literature Review

Background: Postoperative intracranial hemorrhage (PIH) is a fairly rare but catastrophic perioperative complication following lumbar spine surgery. This is a case report of a 54-year-old male patient who experienced PIH 2 h after an endoscopic L5-S1 laminectomy and discectomy. Case Presentation: A 54-year-old male patient presented with right L5-S1 radiculopathy that corresponded with the picture revealed in medical imaging and the signs seen upon physical examination. Subsequently, he underwent endoscopic L5-S1 laminectomy and discectomy. The patient presented with idiopathic unconsciousness and limb twitching 2 h after surgery. An emergency cranial CT scan was obtained which demonstrated intracranial hemorrhage. Following an emergency consultation with the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the patient underwent an emergency interventional thrombectomy as per their orders. The surgery was performed successfully. However, the patient's situation did not improve and he died on the second postoperative day. Conclusion: PIH after spinal endoscopic surgery is a rare but horrible complication. Several factors could lead to PIH. However, in this patient, the cause of PIH might be attributed to the long operation time combined with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. Great attention should be attached to the issue of PIH development in spinal endoscopic procedures due to constant irrigation. This study aims to highlight the issue of PIH following endoscopic spinal surgery by presenting a case report of a patient who died despite successful surgery.