Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, characterization, applications as nanozyme, and future prospects

Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have recently attracted wider attention because of their unique properties, such as superparamagnetism, larger surface area, surface-to-volume ratio, and simple manufacturing process. Several chemical, physical, and biological techniques have been employed to synthesize NPs with admissible surface chemistry. This paper summarises the approaches for producing iron oxide NPs, shape, and size management, and inviting properties in bioengineering, pharmaceutical, and modern applications. Iron oxides have significant potential in biology, climate change, and horticulture, among other fields. Surface coatings with organic or inorganic particles are one of a kind. The surface coatings of the IONPs are critical to their performance because they prevent nanoparticle aggregation, reduce the risk of immunogenicity, and limit nonspecific cellular uptake. Chitosan is a biodegradable polymer that is applied to iron oxide nanoparticles to coat them. Chitosan subordinates like O-HTCC (an ammonium-quaternary CS subsidiary) have a long-lasting positive charge that allows them to work in different pH ranges allowing their interactions with cell layers at physiological pH. By reacting epoxy propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (ETA) with chitosan (CS), the hydro-solvent N-(2-hydroxyl) propyl-3-trimethyl ammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC) is formed. For hyperthermic treatment of patients, NPs can also be coordinated to an organ, tissue, or tumor via an external attractive field. Given the increasing interest in iron NPs, the purpose of this review is to present data from iron oxide nanoparticles specially chitosan-capped iron NPs for different biomedical fields.