The contribution of European citizen-led energy initiatives to sustainable development goals

Energy communities (ECs) are emerging as vital contributors to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, despite being unnoticed. This article is the first to comprehensively discuss and quantify European citizen-led energy initiatives' contributions to SDGs 7 (ensure access to affordable and clean energy), 9 (fostering industry, innovation, and infrastructure), and 11 (promote sustainable cities and communities). With SDG7 at their core, these initiatives prioritize sustainable energy systems, aligning with environmental impact reduction, resource efficiency, and social resilience goals. They contribute to SDG9 in energy and ICT sectors through job creation and social and technological innovation. Promoting SDG11 via inclusive engagement, they reinforce democratic principles and preserve cultural heritage. They can leverage their expertise with policy support to aid SDG implementation and serve as a global exemplar, extending impact to SDGs 12 and 17. Our analysis underscores a disconnect between European support for ECs and broader sustainability agendas, hampering effective impact.