Raychaudhuri equation from Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulation: A quantum aspect

The paper deals with a suitable transformation related to the metric scalar of the hyper-surface so that the Raychaudhuri Equation (RE) can be written as a second order nonlinear differ-ential equation. A first integral of this second order differential equation gives a possible analytic solution of the RE. Also, it is shown that construction of a Lagrangian (and hence a Hamilto-nian) is possible, from which the RE can be derived. Wheeler -Dewitt equation has been formulated in canonical quantization scheme and norm of its solution (wave function of the universe) is shown to affect the singularity analysis in the quantum regime for any spatially homogeneous and isotropic cosmology. Finally Bohmian trajectories are formulated with causal interpretation and these quantum trajectories unlike classical geodesics oblit-erate the initial big-bang singularity when the quantum potential is included. & COPY; 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.