A preliminary appraisal for utilizing abandoned industrial side streams as alternatives to cement within radiation protection applications

Recently, there has been arising a severe alert regarding climate crisis all over the world. As industrial production capacities have been soaring every passing day, the primary sources of the earth's crust have been depleting like there is no tomorrow. Sustainable and greener suggestions should be followed to overcome the upcoming catastrophic climate change. With this motivation, cement material, whose influence on global warming is excessive, has been studied to be replaced by alternative material systems in different application areas, and radiation shielding applications may be regarded as one of these emerging fields. In this study, the authors were motivated to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with alternative side streams (SS) that have accumulated in nature without any benefits. First, the high-quantity SS were determined and presented as follows: fly ash (FA), blast furnace slag (BFS), red mud (RM), electric arc furnace slag (EAFS), fayalite slag (FS), rice husk ash (RHA), silica fume (SF), ferrochrome slag (FS), and copper mining tailings (CMT). Each side stream's average chemical compositions were obtained, and their theoretical density values were calculated. After that, the theoretical radiation shielding properties were assessed using Phy-X/PSD software within the 0.15-15 MeV photon energy range. Some essential parameters such as linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half-value layer (HVL), effective atomic number (Zeff), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), and build-up factors (EBF and EABF) paved the way for comparing SS with OPC material. The results for radiation protection demonstrated that highdensity-oxide-containing SS like RM, FS, and EAFS could replace OPC material with a good performance. Owing to this replacement, the authors strongly believe that the future can be sustained in a more secure environment without OPC material, but with SS in radiation shielding applications.