A phage-based magnetic relaxation switching biosensor using bioorthogonal reaction signal amplification for Salmonella detection in foods

Phages are uniquely suited for bacterial detection due to their low cost and ability to recognize live bacteria. Herein, our work establishes the proof-of-concept detection of Salmonella in orange juice based on a phage-mediated portable magnetic relaxation switching (MRS) biosensor. The limit of quantification (LOQ) could reach 5 CFU/mL (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 4-7, N = 4) with a linear range of 10(2)-10(8) CFU/mL, which has improved 10-fold than that without bioorthogonal signal amplification. The recovery rate of the phage-based MRS biosensor was 95.0 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 89.0 %-100.9 %, N = 6). The specificity of the phage-based MRS biosensor was 100 % without false-positive results. In addition, this sensor was able to detect < 10 CFU per 25 mL of Salmonella in orange juice with 4-h pre-enrichment. The result from the phage-based MRS biosensor is consistent with that from the standard plate count method. This sensor provides a reliable and ultrasensitive detection platform for pathogens.