Effect of COVID-19 infection on sex hormone levels in hospitalized patients: A prospective longitudinal study in Iran

IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate the levels of sex hormones in patients with COVID-19 in Ahvaz, Iran. MethodsA prospective longitudinal study was conducted at Razi hospital, Ahvaz, Iran, from July 2020 to Febuary 2021. The levels of sex hormones including estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and total and free testosterone were measured in 162 patients with COVID-19 infection during hospitalization and 1 month after discharge. A demographic questionnaire and a checklist were used to collect the data. Mann-Whitney U test, chi(2) test, Fisher's exact test, Wilcoxon test, and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. ResultsSex hormones were assessed in 162 patients at baseline; however, a month after discharge, only 69 patients provided consent for assessment, and 9 had passed away. The estradiol level was 407.70 +/- 623.37 and 213.78 +/- 407.17 pg/ml in female patients with severe and moderate diseases at baseline, respectively which reduced to 195.33 +/- 380.04 and 58.20 +/- 39.45 pg/ml after discharge (p = 0.011 and p = 0.001). The alteration in the levels of progesterone, LH, and FSH were not significant.The level of LH in both groups of male patients with severe (6.64 +/- 2.91 IU) and moderate disease (6.42 +/- 4.44 IU) was high, which reduced after discharge (4.16 +/- 2.44 and 3.93 +/- 3.15 IU, respectively), but this decrease was significant only in the patients with severe disease (p < 0.0001). The alteration of FSH and free testosterone were not significant. The level of testosterone was 1.19 +/- 0.73 and 1.46 +/- 1.22 ng/ml at baseline in patients with severe and moderate diseases which increased to 2.64 +/- 1.25 ng/ml, p < 0.0001, and 2.54 +/- 0.93 ng/ml, p = 0.001, respectively after discharge. ConclusionOur findings showed that the level of estradiol in female patients increased significantly while the level of testosterone in male patients decreased during the active phase of infection. Due to the attrition of patients in the follow-up period, more studies are needed to confirm these results.