Surgery for synchronous and metachronous colorectal cancer: segmental or extensive colectomy?

Purpose To assess the impact of surgical approach on morbidity, mortality, and the oncological outcomes of synchronous (SC) and metachronous (MC) colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods All patients undergoing resection for double location CRC (SC or MC) between 2006 and 2020 were included. The exclusion criteria were polyposis or SC located on the same side. Results Sixty-seven patients (age, 64.8 years; male, 78%) with SC (n = 41; 61%) or MC (n = 26; 39%) were included. SC was treated with segmental colectomy (right and left colectomy/proctectomy; n = 19) or extensive colectomy (subtotal/total colectomy or restorative proctocolectomy with pouch; n = 22). Segmental colectomy was associated with a higher incidence of anastomotic leakage (47.4 vs. 13.6%; p = 0.04) and a higher rate of medical morbidity (47.4 vs. 16.6%; p = 0.04). The mean number of lymph nodes harvested was similar. For MC, the second cancer was treated by iterative colectomy (n = 12) or extensive colectomy (n = 14) and there was no significant difference in postoperative outcomes between the two surgical approaches. The median follow-up period was 42.4 +/- 29.1 months. The 5-year overall and disease-free survival of the SC and MC groups did not differ to a statistically significant extent. Conclusions Extensive colectomy should be preferred for SC to reduce morbidity and improve the prognosis. In contrast, iterative colectomy can be performed safely for patients with MC.