Boosting catalytic efficiency via BiVO4 surface heterojunction-induced interfacial Z-scheme NiFe2O4/{010}BiVO4 composite

In this work, a unique recyclable interfacial Z-scheme NiFe2O4/{0 1 0}BiVO4 composite was successfully designed by selectively loading NiFe2O4 onto the {010} facet of BiVO4 for the removal of norfloxacin (NOR) in aqueous solution. Under ultrasonic irradiation, the interfacial Z-scheme NiFe2O4/{0 1 0}BiVO4 composite exhibited a remarkable NOR removal efficiency of 98.97 % within 60 min (at an initial NOR concentration of 10 mg/L). The outstanding catalytic performance was attributed to the interfacial Z-scheme structure, which facilitates the spatial separation and transport of photo-generated carriers, and significantly prolongs their lifespan. The formation of interfacial Z-scheme NiFe2O4/{0 1 0}BiVO4 composite occurs when the {1 1 0} and {0 1 0} facets of BiVO4 are exposed to create a surface heterojunction. Moreover, the results of the recycling studies indicate the catalyst had superior stability, while its magnetic characteristics allows easy recovery. The probable degradation pathways of NOR was proposed based on the major degradation intermediates identified. This study demonstrates the idea of reducing photo-generated carrier recombination with construction of interfacial Zscheme heterojunction, which is a promising strategy for the development of efficient catalysts.