Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the Treatment of Gait Disturbance in Post-Stroke Patients: An Overview of Systematic Reviews

Introduction: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising technique for brain modulation after a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). This treatment modality has been previously studied in the recovery of patients. The aim of this review is to analyse the evidence for the application of tDCS in the recovery of gait disturbance in stroke patients. Methods: This review was conducted according to the recommendations of the PRISMA statement. Three different electronic databases were searched for relevant results: PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane, from 2015 to January 2022. We included reviews and meta-analyses that only considered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation, in combination or not with other physiotherapy treatments, compared to no treatment, usual care, or alternative treatment on gait recovery. Our primary outcomes of interest were walking speed, mobility, and endurance; secondary outcomes included motor function. Results: Thirteen studies with a total of 195 RCTs were included. Data on population, outcome measures, protocols, and outcomes were extracted. The Amstar-2 scale and the GRADE system of certainty of evidence were used. Only one study received high certainty of evidence, 5 received low certainty of evidence, and 7 received critically low certainty of evidence. Moderate to low-quality evidence showed a beneficial effect of tDCS on gait parameters, but not significantly. Conclusions: Although the tDCS produces positive changes in gait recovery in spatio-temporal parameters such as mobility, endurance, strength, and motor function, there is insufficient evidence to recommend this treatment. Higher-quality studies with larger sample sizes are needed for stronger conclusions.