The landscape of child and adolescent psychiatry and psychotherapy in Germany: structures, challenges, and developments

For children and adolescents in need of psychiatric and psychotherapeutic care, outpatient, day patient, and inpatient facilities are provided. A new development is called "inpatient equivalent treatment" that consists of home visits by a multiprofessional team. This paper depicts the landscape of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (CAP) Services, covering its historical development and the structural, care policy, and financing backgrounds. Until 2014, there was free choice of private practice locations in the outpatient sector, leaving rural areas and marginalized neighborhoods partially undersupplied until today.The number of beds in the hospital sector decreased significantly between 1991 and 2004. It later rose again in favor of improved regional access and smaller units, with an additional 50% of day patient places. Inpatient equivalent treatments are equally effective, but not yet established nationwide; only a few innovative models have been negotiated. Regional networks of all social support systems, aiming for child psychiatric supply networks, are limited due to the pillarization of the social system. In conclusion, an imperative cooperation between all services of the Social Security Code and enabling true cross-sectoral services would benefit CAP patients.