Hip joint load prediction using inverse bone remodeling with homogenized FE models: Comparison to micro-FE and influence of material modeling strategy

Background and objective: Measuring physiological loading conditions in vivo can be challenging, as meth-ods are invasive or pose a high modeling effort. However, the physiological loading of bones is also imprinted in the bone microstructure due to bone (re)modeling. This information can be retrieved by inverse bone remodeling (IBR). Recently, an IBR method based on micro-finite-element (mu FE) modeling was translated to homogenized-FE (hFE) to decrease computational effort and tested on the distal radius. However, this bone has a relatively simple geometry and homogeneous microstructure. Therefore, the ob-jective of this study was to assess the agreement of hFE-based IBR with mu FE-based IBR to predict hip joint loading from the head of the femur; a bone with more complex loading as well as more heterogeneous microstructure.Methods: hFE-based IBR was applied to a set of 19 femoral heads using four different material mapping laws. One model with a single homogeneous material for both trabecular and cortical volume and three models with a separated cortex and either homogeneous, density-dependent inhomogeneous, or density and fabric-dependent orthotropic material. Three different evaluation regions (full bone, trabecular bone only, head region only) were defined, in which IBR was applied. mu FE models were created for the same bones, and the agreement of the predicted hip joint loading history obtained from hFE and mu FE models was evaluated. The loading history was discretized using four unit load cases.Results: The computational time for FE solving was decreased on average from 500 h to under 1 min (CPU time) when using hFE models instead of mu FE models. Using more information in the material model in the hFE models led to a better prediction of hip joint loading history. Inhomogeneous and inhomoge-neous orthotropic models gave the best agreement to mu FE-based IBR (RMSE% < 14%). The evaluation region only played a minor role. Conclusions: hFE-based IBR was able to reconstruct the dominant joint loading of the femoral head in agreement with mu FE-based IBR and required considerably lower computational effort. Results indicate that cortical and trabecular bone should be modeled separately and at least density-dependent inhomo-geneous material properties should be used with hFE models of the femoral head to predict joint loading.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )