Maslinic acid exerts anticancer effects by targeting cancer hallmarks

Background: Natural products have long been regarded as a source of anticancer compounds with low toxicity. Evidence revealed that maslinic acid (MA), a widely distributed pentacyclic triterpene in common foodstuffs, exhibited pronounced inhibitory effects against various cancer cell lines. Most cancer cells thrive by acquiring cancer hallmarks, as coined by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2000 and 2011. Purpose: This represents the first systematic review concerning the anticancer properties of MA as these cancer hallmarks are targeted. It aims to summarize the antineoplastic activities of MA, discuss the diverse mechanisms of action based on the effects of MA exerted on each hallmark.Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the search terms "maslinic," "cancer," "tumor," and "neoplasm," to retrieve articles from the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus published up to September 2022. Study selection was conducted by three reviewers independently from title and abstract screening until full-text evaluation. Data extraction was done by one reviewer and counterchecked by the second reviewer. Results: Of the 330 articles assessed, 40 papers met the inclusion criteria and revealed that MA inhibited 16 different cancer cell types. MA impacted every cancer hallmark by targeting multiple pathways. Conclusion: This review provides insights regarding the inhibitory effects of MA against various cancers and its remarkable biological properties as a pleiotropic bioactive compound, which encourage further investigations.