Exponential data encoding for quantum supervised learning

Reliable quantum supervised learning of a multivariate function mapping depends on the expressivity of the corresponding quantum circuit and measurement resources. We introduce exponential-data-encoding strategies that are hardware-efficient and optimal among all nonentangling Pauli-encoded schemes, which is sufficient for a quantum circuit to express general functions having very broad Fourier frequency spectra using only expo-nentially few encoding gates. We show that such an encoding strategy not only reduces the quantum resources, but also exhibits practical resource advantage during training in contrast with known efficient classical strategies when polynomial-depth training circuits are also employed. When computation resources are constrained, we numerically demonstrate that even exponential-data-encoding circuits with single-layer training modules can generally express functions that lie outside the classically expressible region, thereby supporting the practical benefits of such a resource advantage. Finally, we illustrate the performance of exponential encoding in learning the potential-energy surface of the ethanol molecule and California's housing prices.